উইকিপিডিয়া:বাংলা ভাষায় কাতালান শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ
 | এই প্রকল্প পাতা অথবা অনুচ্ছেদটি পরিবর্ধন বা বড় কোনো পুনর্গঠনের মধ্যে রয়েছে। এটির উন্নয়নের জন্য আপনার যে কোনো প্রকার সহায়তাকে স্বাগত জানানো হচ্ছে। যদি এই প্রকল্প পাতা অথবা অনুচ্ছেদটি কয়েকদিনের জন্য সম্পাদনা করা না হয়, তাহলে অনুগ্রহপূর্বক এই টেমপ্লেটটি সরিয়ে ফেলুন। ২২ মাস আগে Tanbiruzzaman (আলাপ | অবদান) এই পাতাটি সর্বশেষ সম্পাদনা করেছেন। (হালনাগাদ) |
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of বাংলা ভাষায় কাতালান শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of বাংলা ভাষায় কাতালান শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Valencian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ca}}, {{IPA-va}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Key for standard Catalan and Valencian
সম্পাদনাThere are two major standards, one of Catalan (C)—based in the Central Coast of Catalonia, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features—and one of Valencian (V)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features. Neither variant is preferred over the other in Wikipedia articles except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in Catalonia or a Valencian artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Catalan and Valencian, and Catalan orthography for the main correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. (For an extensive list of spelling-to-sound correspondences, see this)
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Other transcriptions
সম্পাদনা- Catalan in Andorra, Western Catalonia and La Franja (NW)
- Northwestern, a continuous dialect of the Western Catalan branch, uses the same pronunciation pattern as Standard Valencian (see V above). However, there are some differences that should be used in the transcription of local names in Andorra, Western Catalonia (Lleida and part of Tarragona) and the Aragonese border (La Franja). Those differences are:
| Phonetic deviations from Standard Valencian (i.e. commonalities with Standard Catalan) |
Examples | English approximation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betacism[২][৩] | /b/, /v/ → /b/ | bell, vell[২] | best |
| /b/, /v/ → [β][৩] | abans, avanç[২] | vest[৩] | |
| Deaffrication of /dʒ/ (in intervocalic position) | /dʒ/ → [ʒ] | dijous, fugir | genre |
- (Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use {{IPA-ca}}, with the corresponding sounds of Standard Valencian and the sharing features with Standard Catalan)
- Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan
- For transcriptions of Insular Catalan dialects:
Notes
সম্পাদনা- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 63), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 147–149)).
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 61), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 13)).
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 63), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 10, 310–326)).
- [β] (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.
- [ɣ] is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ The sibilants /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ are alveolo-palatal or palato-alveolar. A variant of /s, z, ts, dz/ includes the retracted [s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠] (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, respectively).
- ↑ ক খ Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨ŀl⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨ŀl⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ The sonorants /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant ((Rafel 1999, পৃ. 14), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 166–204)). Before palatals, /l/ is [ʎ] and /n/ is [ɲ]. Before velars, /n/ becomes [ŋ] and before labial consonants, /n/ becomes [m]. The labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/ and /v/.
- ↑ ক খ The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 63–64), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 24–25)).
- ↑ Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.
- ↑ The semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 62), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 90–91)). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.
- ↑ Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ In unstressed position, the vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.
- Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may merge with [a] and [u] respectively ((Carbonell ও Llisterri 1999, পৃ. 62–63), (Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 52–77)).
- In Standard Eastern Catalan, unstressed [e] and [o] appear only in some words such as ídem [ˈiðem], oceans [useˈans], ego [ˈeɣo] and mouré [mowˈɾe]. In other cases, they merge with [ə] and [u] ((Wheeler 2005, পৃ. 61–72)).
- In Standard Valencian, unstressed [ɛ] and [ɔ] occur in the process known as vowel harmony (e.g. corda [ˈkɔɾðɔ] and tela [ˈtɛlɛ]). In North-western, there are cases where only [ɛ] is found in final unstressed syllables: tela [ˈtɛlɛ].
- ↑ ক খ The vowel /y/ is usually replaced by /u/ or /i/.
- [y] is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips rounded.
Bibliography
সম্পাদনা- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (১৯৯৯), "Catalan", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, পৃষ্ঠা 61–65, আইএসবিএন 978-0-521-63751-0
- Rafel, Joaquim (১৯৯৯), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (পিডিএফ) (3rd সংস্করণ), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, আইএসবিএন 84-7283-446-8
- Wheeler, Max W. (২০০৫), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, আইএসবিএন 978-0-19-925814-7
External links
সম্পাদনা- "Gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana (GEIEC)"। Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)।
- "Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)"। Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)।
- "Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)"। Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)।
- "reSOLC-mitjansCAT"। Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) – Pompeu Fabra University / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC)।