English: Distribution of macular pigments constituent carotenoids presented in scale onto a photograph of a healthy human retina.

This figure presents the distribution of macular pigments constituent carotenoids meso-zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on a healthy human retina. The sources used to generate this figure, which guided on the localization of the carotenoids, and are summarized as follows:

Published studies:

1. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, Chen Y, Lerena CM. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Experimental Eye Research. 2000;71:239-245.
2. Nolan JM, Akkali MC, Loughman J, Howard AN, Beatty S. Macular carotenoid supplementation in subjects with atypical spatial profiles of macular pigment. Exp Eye Res. 2012;101:9-15.
3. Sabour-Pickett S, Beatty S, Connolly E, et al. Supplementation with three different macular carotenoid formulations in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2014;34:1757-1766.
4. Akuffo KO, Nolan JM, Howard AN, et al. Sustained supplementation and monitored response with differing carotenoid formulations in early age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond). 2015;29:902-912.

Online Sources:

1. Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H. Interpretation of Stereo Ocular Angiography: Retinal and Choroidal Anatomy. Springer Science and Business Media. 2009; 301.
2. Yanoff M. Ocular Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2009; 393.
3. Small RG. The Clinical Handbook of Ophthalmology. CRC Press. 1994; 134.
4. Peyman GA, Meffert SA, Chou F, Conway MD. Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques. CRC Press. 2000; 6